Nucleation Definition (Chemistry and Physics)

Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe - 1095 Words

Since its publication in 1719, Robinson Crusoe has served as a popular adventure novel. The overall content of the story presents itself as nothing more than adventurous, but after a close reading it becomes clear that the narrative has an underlying message of colonialism. The novel tells the story of a European man who gradually gains complete control over an island in the Caribbean. The author, Daniel Defoe, presents colonialism by portraying the protagonist as someone who slowly and progressively asserts his dominion over the foreign land. In the novel colonialism is clearly reflected through the relationship between the colonized and the colonizer. It is through Crusoe’s interactions with Friday that multiple allegorical facets of colonialism such as economic power, psychological domination, and spiritual belief become evident to the reader. The relationship between Crusoe and Friday shows the relationship of master and slave. Crusoe metaphorically represents the imperial figure or colonizer while Friday becomes the metaphor for the colonized. Robinson however does not fall immediately into his role as colonizer he first has to establish control over the island itself and learn how to survive. This is why he is fearful and hesitant when he â€Å"was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man’s naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand.† (133) The first sign of a civilization other than his own troubles Crusoe deeply causing him much worry andShow MoreRelatedRobinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe796 Words   |  4 PagesRobinson Crusoe Character Analysis â€Å"Bad things do happen in the world, like war, natural disasters, disease. But out of those situations always arise stories of ordinary people doing extraordinary things.† Robinson Crusoe changes vastly, from a stubborn man to a prideful but knowledgeable one. While he accomplishes his journey of self-discovery, these are achieved by the several apparent forces. In the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, the forces fear, natural disasters, and religion changeRead MoreRobinson Crusoe, By Daniel Defoe1764 Words   |  8 PagesRobinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, often is regarded as the first novel in history. Time and time again writers find themselves mirroring the themes of Robinson Crusoe in an attempt to create a work as highly acclaimed as the one that may have inspired them to write in the first place. In addition, critics have looked to the past to see if the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers have crept their way into Defoe’s influential work. Many authors and critics compare Robinson Crusoe with John Locke, particularlyRead MoreRobinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe936 Words   |  4 PagesThe title of the book that I have read is Robinson Crusoe written by Daniel Defoe. The misspelled and native language they spoke back in the day was something I wasn’t expecting from this book. The accent and the way they talked were something I can understand in their conversation. I had mixed emotions while reading this book and in some chapters, I can feel the hardships that Robinson Crusoe faced. Overall, this book was boring and exciting at the same time and was written well expect the wordsRead MoreDaniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe1730 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Defoe once said, â€Å"The soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond, and must be polished, or the luster of it will never appear † (BrainyQuote). This quote highlights Defoe’s look on life itself, for he underwent many different life experiences which allowed him to p hilosophize and reflect on himself and his connections with his own morals as well as God. Much of Defoe’s literature is influenced by his background. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe is one of his greatest works, and Defoe’sRead MoreComparing Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe901 Words   |  4 Pageswhen he prayed to have neither poverty or riches† (Defoe 2). This is a part of the lecture Robinson’s father had given when he tried to keep him from a life of sailing. But when your parents give you a lecture or advice, do you always listen? Sometimes you’ll disobey and follow your own path. Defoe did, and so did his fictional character Robinson Crusoe. Like this, Robinson and Defoe are alike in several ways. Defoe was inspired to write Robinson Crusoe by his living conditions, income, some of theirRead MoreDaniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe1185 Words   |  5 Pagesa critical exegesis of Daniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe (1719), insight and perception is gleaned in regards to both the way the text praises or condemns the priorities of its time and the examination of the values which underpin it. It is with this analysis of Robinson Crusoe that the values of the time in regards to; Colonialism, imperialism and religious neglect can be observed as either being praised or challenged. One of the most societally impacting features of Defoe s time was colonialismRead MoreAnalysis Of Robinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe1611 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Robinson Crusoe In Daniel Defoe’s novel, Robinson Crusoe, the story follows the title character throughout his adventurous and religious escapades. Robinson Crusoe spends a substantial amount of time in the novel alone, reflecting on his current situation and more importantly, his relationship with God. Defoe did write in many influential characters, the most important being the native escapee, Friday. Defoe structured Crusoe and Friday’s relationship as very co-dependent in suchRead MoreDaniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe915 Words   |  4 Pagesaristocratic system , a structure defined by the positions of a society that is ruled by a single leader. In the case of Robinson Crusoe (1719), a King, a common expression of authority. I argue that in Daniel Defoe’s novel, Robinson Crusoe does view himself as â€Å"King or Emperor† of the island he occupies and is often portrayed as this powerful individual throughout the novel. I assert that Crusoe, being the only dweller of the island, immediately sees himself as the absolute ruler, which I suggest is to increaseRead MoreDaniel Defoe s Robinson Crusoe2195 Words   |  9 PagesDaniel Defoe’s novel, Robinson Crusoe, is an allegory to what was occurring in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Robinson Crusoe narrates the book in a way that tells the reader what it was like to live in the 17th and 18th centuries. Crusoe provides us with a microcosm of what types of governments were being established at the time, the way people thought, how religion played a part in the lives of the people, how plantations came to be by the Europeans, and how big of a role slavery playsRead MoreRobinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe762 Words   |  3 PagesRobinson Crusoe parents wanted him to get a job in the close to home but he liked traveling and challenge of adventure. His odyssey started when he left home and his parents. After a series of unlucky and short voyages a storm h it his boat and his destiny threw him away from the rest of the world, in an unknown island that would be his living place for the rest 28 years of his life. But at least he can be thankful to God

Tort of Negligence Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law

Question: Discuss about theTort of Negligence forMarkesinis and Deakin's Tort Law. Answer: Issue Whether the parties to the case have committed the tort of negligence Rule The concept of negligence is well described in the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, in this case the House of Lords held that one person has a duty of care towards another person who is related to him through his course of actions (Chamallas, 2013). By duty of care, we mean that a person is responsible for any act committed by him, which could possibly cause harm to other persons. The care in this respect should be reasonable to such an extent that reasonable person finds it appropriate. In order to successfully claim against a tort of negligence a person has to prove before the court the the alleged individual had a duty of care towards him. For a duty of care to exist between two individuals, it is not essential for them to be bound to contractual relationship for instance in this case the manufactures had no contractual relationship with the consumer who had become sick with the intake of the drink, but still he was held liable by the court. The duty of care can be better describe through the theory of social contract according to which the individuals of the society have responsibility towards the safety of each other. In the case of Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd[1970] UKHL 2 the court further widened the scope of negligence and the duty of care for individuals. In the case of Anns v Merton London Borough Council[1978] A.C. 728 the House of Lords provided with a broad test towards the concept of negligence and duty of care. This test was known as the Anns Test or the two-stage test. This test is used by most of the countries to appropriately apply the tort of negligence. The two conditions, which are considered by this test, are whether there is a duty of care between the defendant and claimant with respect to the proximity of foresees ability existed and taking into account the reason why there should have been a duty of care between them. There are four main elements, which constitute the law of tort, these elements are: The duty of care (determined through the Caparo test from Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman[1990] 2 AC 605 House of Lords in case of physical injury and through the Alcock test in Behrens ors v Bertram Mills Circus Ltd.[1957] 2 QB 1 in case of physiological injury) (Eggen, 2015). By duty of care means the responsibility of a person to ensure the wellbeing and safety of others, which might be threatened through his actions. In the case of Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman[1990] 2 AC 605House of Lords it was held by the court that duty of care only exists between those person who might suffer unfair damages due to the actions of each other (Robbennolt Hans, 2016). For example if the actions committed by A causes harm to B than there is a duty of care on the part of A with respect to B. However, if C, who by no means is affected through the act, claims that there is a duty of care on the part of A with respect to C, than such duty does not exist (Eades, 2015). The breach of duty of care (determined through an objective test provided in Vaughan v Menlove(1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467) Breach of duty of care only occurs if the defendant is not able to take proper care, with respect to his duties. Here proper care means the care, which a reasonable man would consider just or proper. A defendant cannot claim that he has taken care to the best of his knowledge as a defense against the breach of duty of care. This concept was brought up by the court in the landmark case of Vaughan v Menlove(1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 (Deakin, Johnston Markesinis, 2012). The injury caused due to the breach of duty of care (determined through 'but for' test fromBarnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital[1969] 1 QB 428) (Mendelson, 2014). The remoteness of the injury (determined by test of remoteness in The Wagon Mound no 1[1961] AC 388House of Lords) If these elements are present in a course of action, the tort of negligence is deemed to have been committed. Application: With respect to Zarine it was her duty to take care of her daughter. She had been busy taking to another young parent and as a result, she lost her watch over her daughter. This negligence on her part laid the foundation of all accidents, which occurred in this case. In order to analyze to what extent she is liable in this case, the elements constituting the tort of negligence and the various tests specified in the RULE have to be applied in this particular situation (Gifford Robinette, 2014). Jack had jumped in to protect Sara, from a major car accident and as a result had suffered serious injuries himself through the van which was been driven cautiously by Bob Applying the test Caparo test it can be analyzed that Zarine had a duty of care towards her daughter and Jack. Duty of care can only originate against a person who suffers any harm due to the action committed by the defendant. Zarine had a duty of care towards her daughter, as she was very young to take care of herself. Applying the objective test to determine the breach of duty with respect to Zarine in this case it can be concluded that the defendant had a duty of care towards her daughter, which she had breached through negligence. This breach of duty of care also extended to the injury caused to Jack The injury caused to Jack was a direct result of the breach of duty of care committed by Zarine towards him Applying the but for test to determine the injury caused due to negligence on part of Zarine it can be concluded that Jack would not have suffered the injuries due if negligence was not committed on the part of Zarine. If the test of remoteness is applied in this situation, it can be determined that the damages caused to Jack were not too remote, and a reasonable man could foresee such damages. Moreover, all the accidents, which have taken place, were a result of the negligence caused by Zarine. In the case of Zarine and Bob it can be determined that, the former had a duty of care with respect to Bob as the injury suffered by him is an indirect result of her negligence. Although the injury caused to Bob was little remote to the negligence committed by Zarine it she is liable for a breach of duty of care if the principles of the case The Wagon Mound no 1[1961] AC 388House of Lords) are applied (Chamallas, 2015). In the case of Zarine and Laura it can be concluded that although Zarine had a duty of care with respect to Laura, the damages, which were, suffer by her were a result of her own mistake as she also had a duty of care to drive the vehicle within a reasonable speed limit. Thus, she cannot claim any damages against Zarine for the breach of her duty (Iacobucci, Trebilcock, 2016). If the principles of The Wagon Mound no 1[1961] AC 388House of Lords) are applied it can be concluded that Zarine had a duty of care with respect to Leonard as the case provides that duty of care exists if damages are caused due to negligence however remote be the circumstances. If the test of objective test is applied, in this case it can be concluded that Zarine has breached her duty of care with respect to Leonard. Thus, she is liable for the tort of negligence with respect to Leonard (Martin, 2016). Jack had seriously been injured by Bobs van in the course of saving Sara from an accident. Jack has sued Bob for negligence. Applying the Caparo test to assess the duty of care in this case it can be made out that Bob had a duty of care towards the pedestrians, as he was a driver. Applying the objective test in this case it can be determined that Bob had breached his duty of care towards Jack even if he was driving within the speed limit it is his responsibility to protect the pedestrians. Appling the but for test in this case it can be determined that the breach of duty of Bob had actually caused injuries to Jack. Applying the test of remoteness in this case, it can further be determined that the injury caused to Jack because of the actions of Bob was not too remote to Foresee. Thus, Bob has committed the tort of negligence with respect to Jack. In the case of Bob, he is entitled to sue Zarine for the damages caused to him were a result of the negligence committed by Zarine. She indirectly had a duty of care, which was breach and resulted in injury, towards Bob. Jack in this case also had a duty of care towards Bob, as it is the duty of pedestrians also to ensure the safe passage of vehicles on the road. Although the actions committed by Jack can be considered to be justified by a reasonable man, if the carop test it applied in this case it can be held that Jack had a duty of care towards Bob. Jack had also breached this duty of care as he failed to ensure the safe passage of Bob through the road. With respect to remoteness, it can be concluded that the event could have easily been foreseeable by Jack that his action could cause damages to Bob. In the case of Leonard and Laura, the former had lost his livelihood. The four elements needed to constitute a tort of negligence can be determined by applying the following tests in this case. If the Alcock test is applied in this case it can be determined that Laura as a driver had a duty of care towards Leonard as he was a pedestrian. Laura should not have been driving in speed, which made her car to skid and eventually caused psychiatric injury to Leonard. This was better explained in the case of White Ors v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire[1998] 3 WLR 1509, which is related to the person suffering physiological injuries in, am area where he could have suffered physical injury. If the objective test is applied in this case, it can be determined that Laura had breached her duty of care towards Leonard. If the But for test is applied in this case it can be concluded that the injury caused to Leonard is a result of the breach of duty committed by Laura. If the test of remoteness is applied, in this case it can be made out that the injury caused to Leonard due to the breach of duty by Laura was not too remote. According to the eggshellskull rule(orthin skull rule), the weakness of a person who has been injured cannot be treated as a defense in the court of law. In this case Laura cannot use the psychological disorder, which was being suffered by Leonard, as a defense against his claim (Goudkamp Ihuoma, 2016). Conclusion: By the application of the tests, which determine the elements of the tort of negligence in these circumstances it, can be concluded that Zarine is liable to pay damages to Bob and leopard. It can also be concluded that Laura is liable to pay damages to Leonard. The application of the test also provide us that Jack is entitled to claim compensation for the tort of negligence against Bob. References: Chamallas, M. (2013). Exceptional Case of Parental Negligence, The.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 413. Chamallas, M. (2015). Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 88. Deakin, S. F., Johnston, A., Markesinis, B. S. (2012).Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. Eades, R. W. (2015).Torts Involving Personal Property(Vol. 1). Jury Instructions on Damages in Tort Actions. Eggen, J. M. (2015). Mental Disabilities and Duty in Negligence Law: Will Neuroscience Reform Tort Doctrine?.Indiana Health Law Review,12, 591. Gifford, D. G., Robinette, C. J. (2014). Apportioning liability in Maryland tort cases: Time to end contributory negligence and joint and several liability.Maryland Law Review,73, 2013-61. Goudkamp, J., Ihuoma, M. (2016). A Tour of the Tort of Negligence. Graham, J. C. (2015). General Principles of Liability.Florida Torts,2. Graham, J. C. (2015). Proof of Negligence.Florida Torts,1. Guay III, G. E., Cummins, R. (2013).Tort Law for Paralegals. Pearson Higher Ed. Iacobucci, E. M., Trebilcock, M. J. (2016). An economic analysis of waiver of tort in negligence actions.University of Toronto Law Journal,66(2), 173-196. Keating, G. (2015). Is Negligence Law Less Objective than We Think.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 137. Little, J. W., Lidsky, L. B., O'Connell, S. C., Lande, R. H. (2014).Torts: Theory and Practice. LexisNexis. Martin, K. (2016). Topical matters pertaining to the tort of negligence-the attribution of blame.Brief,43(7), 38. Mendelson, D. (2014).The new law of torts. Oxford University Press. Robbennolt, J. K., Hans, V. P. (2016). The psychology of tort law. InAdvances in Psychology and Law(pp. 249-274). Springer International Publishing.

Life In The 1900s Essays - Christianity And Women,

Life in the 1900s Thesis Life in the 1900's was depressing and was an era filled with extremely hard and strenous work that didn't offer any future for the average canadian in doing better. If you were an average wage earner you would be virtually stuck in the same job for the rest of your life, while rich maintained their wealth mainly caused by the low taxes. Living conditions were poor for average canadians and even worse for the arriving immigrants. At this time some of the modern convienences were just being invented and even if it were for sale only the extremely rich had the option of purchasing the items. Sports being very new, in the aspect of it being organized was small time compared to present day. Travelling required time and was uncomfortable. Only the rich could have the luxurious accomadations for those long journeys. Many jobs were available to most people but you were under constant scrutiny while working and would have to be willing to do any thing the boss wanted. I believe my frie nds and I would most likely resent and despise it if we had to live in the 1900's. During the 1900's horses played a significant role in the everyday life. A horse drawn carriage would bring a docter to the house of where a baby would be born. A hearse was pulled by horses to the cemetery when somebody died. Farmers used them to pull their ploughs while town dwellers kept them for transportation around town. Horses puled delivery wagons for businesses such as bakery, dairy, and coal company. Horses pulled fire engines through the streets in a fire emergency. The bicycle was widely accepted by canadians because of its easy maintence compared to a horse. The bike allowed an option of transportation. The bicycle also gave a sense of freedom to virtually anybody willing to learn. Henry Ford revolutionized the world we live in by inventing the "horseless carriage", if it had not been for him, instead of taking the GO bus in the morning we'd be riding a horse named Wanda. Not only did his invention offer a method of transportation to the public, but it helped with our emergency services such as fire engines, police cars, and ambulances. Now we have a large variety of cars to choose from varying in size and price. He also brought a large profitable industry to North America...The car industry. Back then there weren't many problems that they created. Today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes (CO2)(Carbon Monoxide). Not to mention the traffic accidents, parking problems and traffic jams in downtown Toronto. 11 years previous to WW I Orville and Wilbur Wright made a successful flight in the first airplane at the beach of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Although the flight only lasted 12 seconds it would change the way we see the world. The telephone allowed the houseneeds to be satisfied without leaving they're homes. Women received an oppurtunity to work as a a switch board operator. I don't know if I can stress t he importance of Marconi's invention enough. But I can say, that without it not only would there be no T.V. or radio there would be a lot of unemployed people right now(even more unemployed than now!!!). The reason for that is radio provides people with jobs such as DJ's, musical programmers etc. Also, radio is a major form of advertising, without it there would not be as many advertising agencies or as many positions in this field. Without T.V., advertising agencies would also face the same consequences. T.V. provides millions of people with employment in commercials, T.V. shows, and movies. Baseball was the most popular sport in the United States where the World Series began in 1903. Tom Longboat was born in Brantford, Ontario and was known for outrunning a horse over a 19 km coarse. He set a record of 2 hours, 24 min and 24 seconds when he ran the Boston Marathon. Jan 22/1901 Queen Victoria died at the age of 63 years. The Queens reign stretched across the globe. With her death came modernization. In the early 1900's horses were